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computer architecture ppt lecture notes
They are expensive to install. The EISA bus is found on Intel 80386, 80486 and early Pentium computers. Since 81 is odd, a[1]=1. NB: Nowadays most of the general purpose software is being sold as a complete software suites such as Microsoft office or Lotus SmartSuite. 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. A. The processor can read and write into the secondary storage devices. The hard disks are being improved as rapidly as DVD, and they definitely offer the fastest seek time and transmission rate (currently 5-10 MB/second). variables, Implementation of functions, Dynamic 5GL or fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. The disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3. Here we are blurring the line a bit between what "read-only" really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so, compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many times per second! One idea is to "shift" them. When buying a computer the speed of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an "X" factor, like 12X, or 24X. This is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS programs. A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. They can be used as servers in companies. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). details than what we will cover in the lecture. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. Central Processing Unit is A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. 500,000 physical elements e. transistors, capacities, diodes etc per category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later Purpose of the course The technology works like this: A laser hits a layer of metallic material spread over the surface of a disk. to read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to class. Inside the computer Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. The first IBM PC motherboard had only a processor and card slots. If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time Decode translate the program instruction into commands that the The normal number system we use is called the decimal or the denary number system. You will see that it is the same procedure, but with sixteen digits instead of 10 or 2. In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. It capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed using special equipment (a PROM programmer. Take a look at the images below on the right, as you can see, we have pointed out certain parts of the DIMM memory module and the DIMM slot. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read i. Mainframe computers The external components of a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output. Although the user enter data in decimal or character form, it is converted into binary digits These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not get on the disk surface. Hexadecimal works in the same way as binary and decimal, but it uses sixteen digits instead of two or ten. Color laser printers are still fairly expensive. The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. multiplication and division.. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as troubleshooting and upgrading computers. Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the other direction: {a[n]*2^n + a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + + a[1]*2^1 + a[0]*2^0}/2. Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster; but it is also more expensive than dynamic RAM. Most computer electronics use voltage levels to indicate their present state. It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. Alternatives such as Zip disks (discussed later), or transferring data via networks are making the low-capacity diskette become obsolete. Other controllers operate in one direction only, either as an input controller, e.g. This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code.
q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC microcomputer is called a microprocessor. WebComputer hardware components can generally be broken down into three categories: Processing Processing components are responsible for actually carrying out actions in Chapter 2- Basic Organization of a Computer. chapters. Input Devices Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. The interrupt signal is sent along a control line to the processor, and the currently executing program is suspended while control is passed to an interrupt service routine. 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. peripherals can be attached to them. Disk data is quite reliable, especially within a sealed module. temperature, speed etc. size IC, hence the size reduced. Micro computers To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. Applications software packages sometimes include a dozen diskettes or more; all these could fit on one optical disk with plenty of room to spare. more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. It also makes the network transparent to the user, allowing any user with appropriate access rights to use software stored on the networks file server, and to store data either on the file server or on a local hard or floppy disk. We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. % Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer such as the They can be divided into; Are programs for user to do their jobs e.g. When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually talking about no image at all on the screen. video into a computer. very low i. Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using a third generation programming language. Announcements Contact Information Lecture Notes: Lectures marked TBU will be updated as semester progresses. (a) Supercomputers (b) Mainframe (c) Mini computer (d) Micro computer. WebEC8552 Computer Architecture and Organization Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) EC8552 Computer Architecture and Organization.Pdf DOWNLOAD (Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a ntz0_u.E5Yo!& This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. An input device lets you communicate with a computer. requiring expensive equipment. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning, just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed They support concurrent users. Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. This opens the possibility to write data in two layers. Following this, the changes were Follow the same rules as in decimal division. Zip disks are a great way to store large files and software programs. The registers shown in the block diagram above, which represents a typical computer, each have a specific purpose, which is described below. In our vertical notation. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of. Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you The binary number system is a method of storing ordinary numbers such as 42 or 365 as patterns of 1's and 0's. times per second! Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. Hard disks for personal computers are 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes are not unusual. Personal computer users find accessing files on a hard disk is significantly faster and thus more convenient than accessing files on a diskette. For and that this is equivalent to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many We're left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. Hardware and software There are three types of program that can translate programming code into machine understandable form (machine code). D. Types of computers. They used magnetic tape. In 1998 Macintosh introduced its new computer, the IMAC, without a floppy disk drive. The lecture Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. and capabilities When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example. B. Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. The next change came after about 1600 years. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. The fetch execute cycle computer doubling it in some cases. Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Obviously this is much more useful than a regular design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. We also know that it equals 162+1. An output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English language. software program. It is the smallest of the three computers. The CPU is connected to the main memory by three separate buses. Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories: Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing Many disk devices, however, do not record data on the top of the top platter or on the bottom of the bottom platter. infrequent operation - most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. them on the computer. device. Let's try the number D=55. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). 17. Making this algorithm a bit more formal gives us: This algorithm is a bit awkward. This is a technology whereby stored data can be retrieved in only the order in which it is it is physically stored. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. Years later, we learned that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. Digital Computers: Digital computers are mainly general purpose computers that Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of computers. technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. This change further decreased the size, heat output and the maintenance complexity of the computers while increasing its speed. vdu controller. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, A CD-RW allows you to read, write, erase and write again. Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. reliable and expensive than micro computers. Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. versions, like the CD-ROM's. processing. When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. read from them many times. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. (2017). WebAdditional Files for Lecture 10 (ZIP - 1.7MB) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .csv file, 7 .txt files, and 2 .py files) 11 Lecture 11: Introduction to Machine Learning (PDF - 1.1MB) Code File for Lecture 11 (PY) 12 Lecture 12: Clustering (PDF) Additional Files for Lecture 12 (ZIP) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .txt file and 2 .py files) 13 They are of advanced technology i.e. First generation computers (1946-1956) They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. The data in that memory location is then returned to the CPU on via the data bus. The main features which distinguish one processor from another and which determine the performance of each are; In addition the CPU contains circuitry controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. (0's and l's). First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. Hardware They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard FACE RECOGNITION AND SIMILAR, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS. It is used more like a (
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