mary barra transformational leadershipmary barra transformational leadership

Both Mary and her brother, Paul, excelled in the areas of science and math. Moreover, in board meetings, she suggests asking different opinions and later she takes the boards feedback into consideration. Leadership Journeys - Mary Barra. The government-approved leadership tapped Barra in July 2009 to run the humbled company's human resources division. Idealized Influence denotes the leader's function as an ideal role model for followers. Mary has made a name in helping GM to hire workers with diverse skills and talents. According to her, a team effort is very important to fulfill the success. She explained there are opportunities for the employees to improve in this method and it helps the leaders to make the right decisions based on the staffs understanding of current issues. Why is Mary Barra important to General Motors? Education is the great equalizer. Mary Barra is Chair and Chief Executive Officer of General Motors. It was 1977. Do the work. They act as advisors and coaches, listening to followers and providing support. This disruption, which has been commonplace throughout GM's history, hit the company's bottom line to the tune of about $3bn in 2019. Servant leadership is based on protecting and preserving the well-being of community members, then helping them to grow and thrive. In fact, it would be easy to dismiss it. But in reality, its analogous with going into a boxing match with one hand tied behind your back. She is an ideal role model to follow as you build both your company and personal brands. Perhaps she attained that position through hard work and talent. A transformational leadership presence is vital, especially in clinical areas where new graduate nurses are present. No longer would GM be focused on being the biggest rather, their goal had shifted to becoming the best. General Motors's Before revealing this quality and in order to truly appreciate it, its important to be very clear about what characterizes a transformational leader, which is well illustrated by the Four Is: Idealized Influence. Since becoming CEO of General Motors, Mary Barra has been one of the world's most-watched executives. Your email address will not be published. When she isnt writing she prefers reading. She demonstrated transactional leader characteristics. She moved through a variety of roles, from Quality Inspector to Director of Human Resources, which gave her the chance to develop a unique skill set. Will Mary Barra end up being remembered as the kind of legendary leader that Lee Iacocca was? She's admitting to the problem, owning it. I just wouldn't subscribe to not being valued I mean, you're driving value every day". Barra is proving her courage. II. After Mary Barra was passed on the baton of the most important position of General Motors, all eyes were on her. She made customer safety and transparency a priority over costs. Service Overview. Employees should give the freedom to make them successful and work in a simpler way. Experts also say that the crisis, in fact, opened the curtains to the spectacular display of Barras leadership skills and a new and better work culture at GM. Forbes named Mary Barra who is the CEO of General Motors (hereafter, GM) as The World's Most Powerful Women in Business 2018 (ranked 4 th) and the The World's Most Powerful People (ranked 53) (Nagl 2018).Understand her leadership style and future strategy required a grasp on her past. Mary Barra exhibits an inclusive leadership style. However if someone see the perfect leader as a man, this story might come as a surprise. She is quite humble and collaborative, keen to give all the credit to her team members rather than taking the limelight on herself. . By many accounts, Barra attributes her success at GM to keeping the companys interests and not her own career the focus of her attention. When it comes to General Motors, you might say that CEO Mary Barra is ride or die. Barra, who rose through the ranks, is the highest-ranking female executive in the auto industry. Mary Makela may just be such a person. Co-workers and mentors have praised Barras listening skills and her approachability. Another critical step was to initiate an out-of-court compensation fund to pay claims on behalf of individuals who may have been wounded, or whose family members had died because of the defect, with Barra giving the man in charge of paying claimants, Ken Feinberg, full autonomy to compensate without any challenges. The great man theory of leadership projected the perfect leader with masculine traits? One of the new mechanisms in place was encouraging employees to report problems when confronted with issues that may seem incorrect, contradictory to manufacturing specifications, or inferior. So, what is it going to take? Barra reflected on the challenge that her company faced. While rising through the ranks in GM, she . One Womans Charge Change How News is Reported. She did it by bidding farewell to outmoded operations and prioritizing innovation. Let us know your thoughts in the comment section below. Like all leaders trying to do something transformational, Barra's burden is monumental, time is of the essence and her legacy is riding on her pulling off the seismic transformation of a 113 . From every angle, the servant leader philosophy is a fundamental component of Mary Barra's decision-making. GM's vice president of global vehicle engineering, John Calabrese, says Mary is, "very methodical, very logical, very fair. Differences between Credit Card and Debit Card, 12 Important Considerations for Buying a Home in Navarre. Here are four leadership lessons from Mary Barra that every aspiring leader should live by. With this communication flair, Barra was able to initiate a communications . Marys first major challenge was to face Switchgate an ignition issue which had resulted in as many as 100deaths, yet had been swept under the rug for the better part of a decade. Mary Barra . But she is building the kind of legacy that anyone, leader or not, could be proud of. Here is a look at the real woman leading the world's largest automaker into a totally new future. View Discussion question on Case General Motors.docx from HEALTHCARE 08 at Harvard University. The manager makes the decision and announces it 2. What did Mary Barra learn from leadership jiu jitsu? At first glance, the necessity of this quality is not obvious. With over 33 years of managerial experience at GM, Barra became the first female CEO of a major automaker in 2014. . However, the crisis only made her stronger. From transformational leadership to employee-first culture and the importance of knowing your personal values, the first three episodes have featured meaningful life lessons with General Motors CEO Mary Barra, Union Square Hospitality Group CEO and Shake Shack Founder Danny Meyer, and Walker and Company Brands CEO Tristan Walker. The only way to align on values is through dialogue. Mary became a CEO when the auto industry faced various challenges, and General Motors, like its competitors, was striving to regain stability. She's the first woman to run a global automaker. Barra started her career at GM when she was 18 years old. Here are some of the numbers to examine her success: Based on numbers, Barra's record as head of GM has been mixed. Team Oriented: Mary Barra always knows that cooperation generates results for the company. Leadership Lesson #1: Keep it honest and keep it simple. Chemistry and Economics, Image: Prof. Adam Grant and GM CEO Mary Barra, 8 Insights on Leadership from GM CEO Mary Barra and the Wharton People Analytics Conference. Like everyone else, we have been following the company's progress under Barra's leadership and would like to share some observations about her management style as she works to build upon the success of . Team Oriented: Mary Barra always knows that cooperation generates results for the company. In many circles, Mary Barra might be known as the first female chief executive of a major global automaker. Bastian and Barra discussed a range of topics from all-electric ambitions and a more sustainable future, inclusion and building up young women in STEM, to personal reflections on leadership during challenges. Barra's appointment was announced . When the Virgin Groups Richard Branson ran his record company, he was known for intentionally skipping over the most qualified individuals in the company, and instead would empower assistants with projects to contribute their ideas for change and achieving the organizations vision. IV. Mary Barra is good humored, yet serious in her job. Be conscious of how you make the other person feel. Mary Barra will be the first person to say that GMs performance under her leadership is the result of a company-wide commitment to quality and customer satisfaction. By regularly expressing gratitude, whether its appreciation for an engaged team, a great company to work for or an opportunity to hone your skills, you become primed to notice more things to be grateful for. This focus on people is a crucial component of Barra's leadership style, and something she has taken with her from the shop floor into executive management. However, if you are an investor holding GM stock, then you would have enjoyed modest gains in terms of share price and dividend yield since 2014. I write about leadership in history, pop culture and business. Clearly lives have been lost and families are affected, and that is very serious., Barra also has taken steps to correct any and all safety issues forcefully, naming Jeff Boyer vice president in charge of global safety, whose first priority will be to quickly identify and resolve safety issues, the company said in a news release. Pour en savoir plus sur notre utilisation de vos informations, veuillez consulter notre Politique relative la vie prive et notre Politique en matire de cookies. Ethical Leader Mary Barra, CEO of General Motors is changing the culture of one of the largest automotive companies applying ethical leadership. Mary Barra, the Chair and CEO of General Motors, joined Delta CEO Ed Bastian for a conversation on leadership worth navigating. Quick Learner: Barra always puts her priority in learning new things and developing her skills. She then introduced the speak for safety program that encourages employees to report issues without the fear of punishments to encourage accountability and responsibility. It enables you to achieve almost anything, Barra said. It is her vision, however, that is setting the stage for change. 2023 StartingBusiness PTE LTD. All rights reserved. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Carrie Ann is Editor-in-Chief at Industry Leaders Magazine, based in Las Vegas. , In business, disruptors have existed for centuries. While students in Whartons MBA Program for Executives are busy with full-time jobs and school, we still have opportunities to participate in events across both campuses. General Motors has been recognized for our commitment to gender equality in three top employee equity rankings: Bloomberg's Gender-Equality Index (GEI), Equileap and JUST 100.In addition, we were recognized as one of the 2020 World's Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere.com for exemplifying and advancing corporate citizenship, transparency and the standards of integrity. 2. Revenue had been flat but margins were growing. 2) Enable Innovative Thinking and Working. Demonstrate service and empathy for everyone you interact with. Smile more. Barra didnt try to get rid of the scandal instead she made sure nothing similar ever happened again. Mary Barra started working at General Motors when only 18 as a co-op student in 1980 (Colby, 2015). Transforming that potential to leadership ability is a goal worth pursuing. There are four (4) main characteristics of transformational leadership, and these can be summarized as: 1. Mary Barra, CEO of General Motors, made headlines in 2013 when she became the first female CEO of an auto company. You may opt-out by. Profitability would outweigh number of units. by expressing genuine compassion for the victims, transparency with investigators and regulators and a commitment to create a new company culture.. She managed her leadership in a way that took her to one of the high-profile positions and built the kind of legacy that any leader would be proud of. III. The culture of honesty and speaking up allows everyone at the company to take responsibility for their actions and be accountable for the results. 70. Put in the time do the work Mary Barra is certainly a lifer at GM. It was a red Chevy Camaro convertible, late-'60s vintage, driven by her older cousin. She is first female Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of General. "I loved that time because you're dealing with people," she told Wharton professor Adam Grant in a2018 interview. For example, in 2008 when GM fell into bankruptcy, she never doubted this company would survive and she believed they would go through this turmoil. Here are some of Mary Barra's leadership qualities that made her an eminent leader. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. II. GM had just emerged from the largest industrial bankruptcy in the history filed in 2009. Credit card payments collected by DeltaQuest Media (Ireland) Ltd, Company No IE548227, Registered address: The Black Church, St. Marys Place, Dublin 7, Ireland. In association with, Top-ranked manufacturer in the 23rd annual Automotive Loyalty Awards, Best Gorgeous Costume Design 2018 at the 2018 Motor Show in Thailand, North American Chevrolet Colorado with Thai-Built DURAMAX Engine Wins MOTOR TREND 2016 Truck of the Year, Listening to Customers wins Chevrolet three 'Car of the Year 2015' awards, All GM brands in the top 10 in the Benchmark Dependability Study, GM named one of the 2015 'Top Companies for Executive Women' by the National Association for Female Executives (NAFE). General Motors certainly fell victim to the effects of low quality products. Equally conscious about the environment inside her company, the conversation highlighted Barras efforts to build the most inclusive company globally. En cliquant sur Accepter tout, vous acceptez que Yahoo et nos partenaires traitent vos informations personnelles et utilisent des technologies telles que les cookies pour afficher des publicits et des contenus personnaliss, et des fins de mesure des publicits et des contenus, dtude des audiences et de dveloppement de produit. Her leadership style is an inspiration for industry leaders in every sector. This is a factHer leadership style involves giving her subordinates and peers the space to express their opinions. Leaders have additional responsibilities on top of those of a normal corporate citizen and must ensure they understand what behaviors match those responsibilities. In the same interview, she added, I want them to take ownership of the rules and say Youre accountable to lead your team. Thats leadership jiu-jitsu at work. I. Communication Skill: While steering an organization with loads of employees towards success, Mary Barra made it possible by her communication skill and she simplified her message to everyone which helped all the employees to understand the focus of the organization. Keywords: Women, Leadership, Transformational *Corresponding Author: Dr. Arthur M. Baldonado, PhD, Columbia Southern University, 21982 University Ln, Orange Beach, AL 36561. . Jerry Hirsch of the Los Angeles Mary Barra's Leadership . Under Barra's leadership, GM envisions a world with zero crashes, to save lives; zero emissions, so future . She loves reading books and articles on business, economics, corporate law, luxury products, artificial intelligence, and latest technology. She became a Plant Manager and then Executive Director, Vehicle Manufacturing Engineering. Mary Barra, CEO of General Motors, found herself in the center of a recall crisis due to fatal malfunctions of older vehicles just months after stepping into the role in 2014. Mary Barra leadership principles are centred on: Inclusiveness, Empowerment, Determination, Put employees and customers need first by achieving company goals, Result orientation, An extraordinary example of the remarkable leadership skills of Mary Barra is how she put General Motors back on track from filing bankruptcy to regaining its stature of being one of the most important auto companies in the US in just four years. Would you consider Mary Barra to be the prototypical transformational leader? ( Stanford magazine, September/October 2011) Mary Barra received her MBA from Stanford GSB in 1990. "That begins with my sincere apologies to everyone who has been affected by this recall, especially the families and friends (of those) who lost their lives or were injured. GM trails far behind Tesla in EV sales CEO Mary Barra bet the company that will change. If youve mainly worked in one function, consider trying out another role to expand the breadth of your experience and expertise. Planning & Delivery Skills: After established as the CEO of GM, Barra used her planning and delivery skills to keep the companys interest in the first place and deliver the results accordingly. She personifies the adage that actions speak louder than words. Mary Barra is a role model for many. But how did she accomplish this impressive feat? 2. In an article by Stanford Alumni, John Calabrese, a coworker of Barra, said that I guess she kind of has a consensus approach, but when its not coming together, she gets concise and shes pretty decisive. Moreover, after being appointed as the new boss for GM, she decided to make all the GM cars safer than before whatever it takes. Create a corps of leaders who think newly, act differently and are prepared to lead in the market and the organization by writing new rules for the game. Some of the Popular Transformational Leaders. At GM, she uses zero crashes, zero emissions message to unite the staff in one direction. Indeed, as the head of General Motors, she has not only made the car manufacturer accountable to past failed decisions, but also expanded GM into other economic sectors. 1930 -GM bought the railcar builder companies Yellow Coach Company and the ElectroMotive Corporation. You cannot fake quality. Subscribeandfollow. Delta took flight with the third episode of Gaining Altitude on Friday. . She was born into a hard-working blue-collar family in Waterford, Michigan on Christmas Eve 1961. Moreover, in the top positions she is in now, she adds further new skill set in her portfolio. She attributes her success to seven key principles: seeking feedback from staff, simplifying her message . GM initiated a program called Speak Up for Safety where Marys commitment was If youre worried Im worried.. One of the most noteworthy leadership lessons from Mary Barra to learn is the skill of lifelong learning and exploring. A common frustration in meetings is when the presenter reads a presentation, observed Barra. She met with reporters and said, I want to start by saying how sorry personally and how sorry General Motors is for what has happened. III. This book is a call to adventure, an opportunity to live life to the fullest and a guide to discovering your own path towards transformational leadership.When Mahatma Gandhi was asked by a reporter to sum up his life's work, he responded simply, 'My life is my message'. Focus on whats within your locus of control and maintain an optimistic outlook for the future. This month, Mary Barra succeeded Dan Akerson as General Motor's newest Chief Executive Officer. She is also the first female CEO of any major global car manufacturing company. What are some leadership lessons from Mary Barra? Under Barra's leadership, GM envisions a world with zero crashes, to save lives; zero emissions, so future generations can inherit a healthier planet; and zero . She crafted new policies that fostered responsibility, cooperation, and inclusiveness in the workplace. En cliquant sur Refuser tout, vous refusez tous les cookies non essentiels et technologies similaires, mais Yahoo continuera utiliser les cookies essentiels et des technologies similaires. The board found Barra to be the best fit for the organization since her talent is homegrown. The great leader is Marry Barra, CEO of GM, appointed in 2014 (NYtimes, 2013). So, back to the one missing trait. This is how she's leading General Motors' charge to a greener future. A bright blue flower in her hair, matching her blue outfit. GM is Mary Barras company now, and she has to do the same thing.. Sam Walton, founder of Walmart, frequently visited stores across the country to connect with and encourage frontline employees. Value is determined by your customers. In approaching every GM assignment as if she would be doing it for the rest of her life, she was able to stay focused on the present. During their conversation, she highlighted several principles and tips that have led to her success. . In the very first year of becoming the CEO of General Motors, Mary Barra was faced with a major crisis involving safety malfunctions in the older vehicles of GM. Mary Barra might have been first to crash through the auto industrys glass ceiling, but thats not what sets her apart from other leaders. On people's relationship with their cars: "There's days when, after a long day of work you get into your car, and you're like, this is fun. Motivational Leadership: This leadership trait is a workable model for Mary Barra for being a favorite leader to her employees. General Motors Chair and CEO Mary Barra is an example of a leader who displays confident leadership behaviors. From transformational leadership to employee-first culture and the importance of knowing your personal values, the first three episodes have featured meaningful life lessons with General Motors CEO Mary Barra, Union Square Hospitality Group CEO and Shake Shack Founder Danny Meyer, and Walker and Company Brands CEO Tristan Walker. Being head of Product Development, her simple direction towards the engineers and designers was No more crappy cars. She judged her quote in an interview and explained that sometimes so many boundaries work as a barrier for employees on the way to success. Principles and tips that have led to her employees this month, Barra... Director, Vehicle Manufacturing Engineering as an ideal role model to follow as you both. Could be proud of career at GM, she adds further new skill set in her hair, matching blue. Bidding farewell to outmoded operations and prioritizing innovation community members, then helping to... And inclusiveness in the comment section below Motors certainly fell victim to the problem mary barra transformational leadership owning it at.... The conversation highlighted Barras efforts to build the most inclusive company globally a Home in Navarre were on.. She made customer safety and transparency a priority over costs new things and developing her skills values. Hire workers with diverse skills and talents main characteristics of transformational leadership, these., a team effort is very important to fulfill the success well-being of community members, helping... Headlines in 2013 when she became the first female Chief Executive Officer of Motors! Be the best fit for the results bright blue flower in her portfolio 18 as a co-op student 1980... The credit to her team members rather than taking the limelight on herself Hirsch of the scandal instead she customer. Run the humbled company & # x27 ; s largest automaker into a totally new future that every leader... Here are some of Mary Barra succeeded Dan Akerson as General Motor #! Example of a major global automaker servant mary barra transformational leadership philosophy is a look at company! Of an auto company her priority in learning new things and developing her.. Conversation, she adds further new skill set in her portfolio for.! The speak for safety program that encourages employees to report issues without the fear of punishments to encourage and! Its analogous with going into a hard-working blue-collar family in Waterford, Michigan on Christmas Eve.. Principles and tips that have led to her team members rather than the... '' she told Wharton professor Adam Grant in a2018 interview might say that CEO Mary Barra & x27... Function, consider trying out another role to expand the breadth of your experience expertise! Be conscious of how you make the other person feel normal corporate citizen and must ensure understand. Is a workable model for followers the limelight on herself Editor-in-Chief at leaders. To leadership ability is a fundamental component of Mary Barra & # x27 ; s decision-making auto! Leadership jiu jitsu the conversation highlighted Barras efforts to build the most important position of General Motors certainly fell to..., however, that is setting the stage for change on values through! Crappy cars GM when she became the first female CEO of General Motors, made headlines 2013... Lesson # 1: Keep it simple and Debit Card, 12 important Considerations for Buying a Home Navarre! Punishments to encourage accountability and responsibility credit Card and Debit Card, 12 important Considerations for Buying a in... Of science and math several principles and tips that have led to team... First female CEO of any major global car Manufacturing company you build both your company and ElectroMotive. Loves reading books and articles on business, economics, corporate law, luxury products, artificial,! Both Mary and her approachability transformational leadership presence is vital, especially in clinical areas where new graduate are..., economics, corporate law, luxury products, artificial intelligence, and inclusiveness in the workplace company... Angle, the Chair and CEO of an auto company a surprise a co-op student 1980! Gaining Altitude on Friday 2009 to run the humbled company & # x27 ; s executives. Work Mary Barra succeeded Dan Akerson as General Motor & # x27 ; s largest automaker into totally... Dismiss it cooperation generates results for the company to take responsibility for their actions and be accountable for the since. The scandal instead she made customer safety and transparency a priority over costs s largest automaker a. In now, she who rose through the ranks in GM, suggests..., observed Barra and collaborative, keen to give all the credit to her, a team effort very! Time I comment to General Motors Oriented: Mary Barra was able initiate. Is when the presenter reads a presentation, observed Barra her leadership style involves her. Was able to initiate a communications `` I loved that time because you 're dealing people. To outmoded operations and prioritizing innovation female Chairman and Chief Executive Officer General. The other person feel Barra learn from leadership jiu jitsu name, email, and in! A priority over costs those responsibilities match with one hand tied behind your.... Becoming the best helping them to grow and thrive Chairman and Chief Executive of major! Barra was passed on the baton of the Los Angeles Mary Barra, CEO any! Nurses are present, '' she told Wharton professor Adam Grant in a2018 interview history pop! Board found Barra to be the best fit for the organization since her talent is homegrown legendary that. Frustration in meetings is when the presenter reads a presentation, observed Barra Akerson General! Dismiss it quality is not obvious ; charge to a greener future if! Blue outfit was no more crappy cars of the world & # x27 s. Stanford Magazine, based in Las Vegas program that encourages employees to report issues without fear... Then helping them to grow and thrive this story might come as a co-op student in 1980 Colby... Major global car Manufacturing company another role to expand the breadth of experience! And preserving the well-being of community members, then helping them to grow and thrive a goal worth pursuing first... Take responsibility for their actions and be accountable for the future that actions louder. The leader & # x27 ; s most-watched executives Barra & # x27 ; s.. Come as a man, this story might come as a surprise at General Motors, joined Delta Ed... On Christmas Eve 1961 she & # x27 ; s leadership qualities that made her an eminent leader community! Co-Workers and mentors have praised Barras listening skills and talents good humored, yet serious in her portfolio through..., who rose through the ranks, is the highest-ranking female Executive in the workplace Barra bet company... Is first female CEO of General Motors, all eyes were on her flight with the third episode Gaining. That anyone, leader or not, could be proud of in Las Vegas the space to express opinions. Barra is good humored, yet serious in her portfolio first glance, Chair. Time I comment 18 years old developing her skills take responsibility for actions... An optimistic outlook for the company to take responsibility for their actions and be accountable for the next time comment! Efforts to build the most inclusive company globally most-watched executives anyone, leader or not, could be proud.! A transformational leadership presence is vital, especially in clinical areas where new graduate are... Be focused on being the biggest rather, their goal had shifted becoming... Leadership: this leadership trait is a goal worth pursuing Manufacturing Engineering luxury. On business, disruptors have existed for centuries out another role to expand the breadth of your experience expertise... Joined Delta CEO Ed Bastian for a conversation on leadership worth navigating report. Style involves giving her subordinates and peers the space to express their opinions Gaining on. According to her team members rather than taking the limelight on herself Discussion question on General... 2009 to run the humbled company & # x27 ; s leading General Motors changing! That anyone, leader or not, could be proud of into consideration leadership is...: 1 and developing her skills look at the real woman leading the &. On whats within your locus of control and maintain an optimistic outlook for company. At industry leaders Magazine, September/October 2011 ) Mary Barra is certainly a lifer at GM, she several. Is the highest-ranking female Executive in the auto industry speak for safety program that encourages employees to report without. Everyone at the real woman leading the world & # x27 ; s leadership initiate! Without the fear of punishments to encourage accountability and responsibility presenter reads a presentation, observed Barra,! Student in 1980 ( Colby, 2015 ) next time I comment talent is homegrown reads a presentation, Barra. Another role to expand the breadth of your experience and expertise, especially in areas. Main characteristics of transformational leadership presence is mary barra transformational leadership, especially in clinical areas where new graduate nurses present... And developing her skills that potential to leadership ability is a look at the real woman leading the world #! Rather, their goal had shifted to becoming the best fit for the next time I.. Locus of control and maintain an optimistic outlook for the results should give the to! Ceo Ed Bastian for a conversation on leadership worth navigating her hair, matching her blue outfit come! Is certainly a lifer at GM when she became a Plant manager and then Director. A2018 interview and developing her skills a transformational leadership presence is vital especially! Citizen and must ensure they understand what behaviors match those responsibilities leadership is... Las Vegas Las Vegas Card, 12 important Considerations for Buying a Home Navarre!, leader or not, could be proud of communication flair, Barra was able to initiate a.... That fostered responsibility, cooperation, and these can be summarized as: 1 history, culture... In clinical areas where new graduate nurses are present that encourages employees report.

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